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- BUSINESS, Page 45INSURANCEOne Disaster After Another
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- Confronted by injurious losses, Lloyd's of London is on the
- critical list
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- Lloyd's of London has always been synonymous with
- insurance-underwriting expertise and the sober assessment of
- risk. When film star Betty Grable sought to insure her famous
- legs, Lloyd's came up with a policy and calculated the
- appropriate premium. But disasters have a way of defying the
- laws of probability. Recent years have witnessed an
- extraordinary string: the Piper Alpha oil-rig blowout in the
- North Sea, the explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 over Scotland, the
- Exxon Valdez oil spill and America's Hurricane Hugo. Last week
- Lloyd's announced that it would post a $980 million deficit for
- 1988 -- the most recent year on which books can be closed, since
- they are kept open for three years to allow for claims to be
- filed. And worse is to come. Analysts anticipate deficits of
- $1.6 billion for 1989 and even more for 1990.
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- The mounting losses are shaking the foundations of the
- venerable institution, which started life in 1688 in Edward
- Lloyd's coffeehouse, where shipowners and merchants gathered to
- buy and sell insurance for their vessels and cargoes. Down the
- years, Lloyd's became pre-eminent in the field of marine
- insurance and helped establish the City of London as a global
- financial-services center.
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- These days, the entire insurance industry is struggling.
- But Lloyd's, which writes $9.6 billion worth of policies each
- year, finds itself in a particularly vulnerable position, since
- it specializes in the riskiest end of the market, such as
- oil-rig activity and communications satellites. Lloyd's
- structure also sets it apart. It is like a club, a society of
- underwriters who write policies in various specialized fields.
- If Lloyd's were a company, it could go bankrupt, and
- stockholders would lose only their investment. Instead, Lloyd's
- gets its funds from investors known as names, who must show
- assets worth at least $410,000 to join in underwriting
- syndicates. In good times the names share their syndicate's
- profits; in bad times they are liable for all its losses and
- must be prepared to hand over their personal assets to cover
- that liability -- down to the last cuff link, as the City saying
- goes.
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- Many of Lloyd's 26,500 names now face hefty losses, some
- in six figures. Among the more illustrious names are Prince
- Michael of Kent, actress Susan Hampshire, former Prime Minister
- Edward Heath and publisher Robert Maxwell. Many of the wealthy
- investors were attracted to the deals as tax shelters. Such
- benefits also attracted some middle-class men and women, who now
- face bills they can pay only with great hardship.
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- As its losses mount, one of Lloyd's biggest problems --
- the desertion of its names -- will undoubtedly grow. Lloyd's
- could then face a capital crunch that would diminish its
- capacity to take on new business. The number of names providing
- capital to the syndicates jumped from 7,000 in 1973 to 32,500
- in 1988, but has fallen to 26,500 since then, largely because
- Lloyd's suddenly looks like a risky proposition.
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- Lloyd's may yet be forced to abandon its unique principle
- of unlimited liability. That would immediately attract
- companies as investors, since firms are prohibited from
- investing in anything where liability is not defined. A Lloyd's
- task force is preparing a year-end report that will address this
- subject. The committee may conclude that unlimited liability is
- akin to a black hole -- something that no underwriter, not even
- one from Lloyd's, can contemplate covering.
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- By Barbara Rudolph. Reported by Helen Gibson/London
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